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When two explanations fit, start with the simpler one.
The principle named after the 14th-century friar William of Ockham says we should not multiply assumptions without need. It is a rule of thumb, not a proof.
Why it matters: Scientists, doctors and engineers use it to decide which explanation to test first.
Occam's razor — William of Ockham (14th century)
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The best teacher may be the one who asks the best questions.
In Plato's dialogues, Socrates teaches by asking question after question, exposing contradictions until people examine what they really believe.
Why it matters: Good questions are still the heart of teaching, coaching and counselling.
The Dialogues of Plato — Plato (c. 399–347 BCE)
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Why do strong dynasties weaken within a few generations?
In his Muqaddimah of 1377, Ibn Khaldun argued that groups rise through asabiyyah — strong social solidarity — and decline as comfort and luxury weaken it.
Why it matters: He is often called one of the founders of sociology and the study of history.
Muqaddimah — Ibn Khaldun (1377)
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